"I Fregi del Ceppo”: when artificial intelligence and geomatics meet theatre

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) digital technologies into cultural heritage and theatre is transforming how historical works are preserved and experienced. This paper focuses on the performance I Fregi del Ceppo, which exemplifies this trend by using 3D data to bring the Renaissance friezes of the Ospedale del Ceppo in Pistoia, Italy, to life. Originally digitised for conservation, the friezes served as the foundation for a theatrical production. The project used artificial intelligence (AI) tools to analyse and animate the frieze characters’ postures and relationships. The performance incorporated a 180ºmulti-projection system that synchronised human actors with digital projections, merging live performance with digital heritage. This work highlights the broader trend of integrating AI and digital tools into theatre. Body scans, motion tracking, and emotion recognition enable new storytelling methods, while virtual characters and avatars allow performers to explore identity and interaction in novel ways. The fusion of AI with performance art is pushing the boundaries of creativity, generating dialogues, analysing performances, and enabling real-time interaction with human actors. I Fregi del Ceppo demonstrates how digital heritage can enhance theatre, extending the life of historical works and offering new cultural experiences. It also points to a future where AI and 3D technologies will play an increasingly central role in shaping the performing arts.