The Experiences of Representation of Italian Trans and Nonbinary Individuals in Video Games, Films, and TV Series: A Qualitative Study

Portrayals of trans and nonbinary (TNB) remain largely stereotypical or negative, an ongoing misrepresentation contributing to chronic stress, particularly in the form of Gender Minority Stress. This study qualitatively explores how TNB Italians experience representation in video games, films, and TV series. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and April 2024, reaching 35 participants (22 nonbinary, 8 trans men, 5 trans women), aged 20–38 (M = 24.69). A reflexive thematic analysis, enriched by the participation of a trans author, generated four main themes: (1) Identification with TNB representation; (2) Misrecognition and marginalization; (3) Gender Minority Stressors; (4) Belonging and Visibility. Identifying with TNB characters often served as a turning point in participants’ identity development. Distorted or harmful representations led some to withdraw from certain media to avoid further emotional distress. Conversely, positive portrayals fostered a sense of belonging, pride, and vicarious support, countering a delegitimizing social context. Through their cultural significance, media play a key role in shaping identity and social perception, while also helping to challenge experiences of invalidation and invisibility. By centering TNB voices, this study underscores the potential of media as spaces for visibility, self-discovery, and the negotiation of identities.