Sustainability in cataract and refractive surgery: current challenges and future perspectives

Cataract and refractive surgery are integral to improving vision health and quality of life; however, their growing environmental impact poses significant concerns. These procedures contribute notably to medical waste, excessive energy consumption, and pharmaceutical overuse, amplifying the carbon footprint of health care. Key environmental challenges include the dependence on single-use surgical instruments, high energy demands from laser and phacoemulsification systems, and the waste associated with medication disposal and packaging. Although some sustainable initiatives, such as reusable surgical tools, biodegradable packaging, and optimized pharmaceutical usage, have been introduced, widespread implementation remains limited. This review investigates the environmental impact of ophthalmic surgery, assesses current sustainable practices, and highlights emerging eco-friendly innovations. Notable advancements include energy-efficient surgical devices, electronic instructions for use, optimized postoperative protocols, and regulatory policies aimed at promoting green hospital systems. However, further research into life cycle assessments, carbon footprint evaluations, and regulatory reforms will be crucial to advancing global sustainable practices without compromising patient care and surgical outcomes.