Illuminating the Shadows: photogrammetric documentation of Pleistocene deposits in Tiberius’ cave, Italy

3D photogrammetry techniques offer an innovative and versatile solution for documenting archaeological contexts under low-visibility conditions, effectively addressing the limitations of traditional methodologies. Challenges such as the absence of natural light, visitor interference in tourist contexts, and the necessity of safeguarding vulnerable archaeological deposits are effectively tackled. The case study focuses on the Tiberius' cave, located in Sperlonga along the Tyrrhenian coast of southern Latium, Italy. The site is renowned for its remains from the Roman imperial period but also presents evidence of an earlier Neanderthal occupation. It forms part of a broader system of caves attributed to the Pontinian facies, spanning from the Circeo promontory to Sperlonga and Gaeta. Within the Tiberius' cave, residual Pleistocene deposits containing lithic industries and faunal remains represent a unique yet fragile heritage under threat from erosion and tourist activity. Here we present the solutions adopted to document these deposits accurately ina low-visibility environment, demonstrating how low-cost technologies can overcome complex operational challenges. The project underscores the critical importance of interdisciplinary approaches to preserving and enhancing archaeological evidence and highlights the pivotal role of 3D photogrammetry in the conservation and dissemination of endangered sites.