Photogrammetry Foundations and Guidelines for Acquisition of High-Definition 3-Dimensional Models Using Photographic Cameras and Smartphones: An Optimized Tool to Improve Neuroanatomy Research and Education

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Photogrammetry application is rapidly growing within the anatomical field as a new technique, underlining the need for the development of a comprehensive step-by-step methodology and guide to facilitate the pursuit of high-definition photogrammetry. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe 2 photogrammetry techniques and their step-by-step from positioning and preparing the specimens for photodocumentation to the final 3-dimensional (3D) model displayed on online platforms.METHODS:Two dry skulls, 2 embalmed brains, and 30 embalmed and latex-injected heads were used for the study, rendering a total of 130 3D models. The specimens were placed on a turntable and photodocumented using a digital single-lens reflex camera or smartphone, and the key steps and notes were methodically described.RESULTS:The photogrammetry technique using either a digital single-lens reflex camera or smartphone required images captured in 3 different steps: overview images, close range photographs, and images of depth-located structures. All images were then upload to Agisoft Metashape software, postprocessed and rendered into the final 3D model and displayed using Sketchfab®.CONCLUSION:This article provided a detailed description of a high-resolution photogrammetry scanning technique, highlighting the advantages and relevance of acquiring 3D models through mobile devices to demystify and clarify the technique to enhance the experience in clinical and neuroanatomical application.