Social acceptance and economic impacts of biomethane: A resource for energy sustainability

Biomethane represents a promising resource within the framework of the circular bioeconomy, enabling the substitution of fossil gas with a renewable alternative through the valorisation of substrates and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The present study explored the social dimension of sustainability by means of an online survey and statistical analysis, based on 403 responses primarily from the municipality of Rome – a city facing pronounced waste management challenges. The findings indicate that public knowledge acts as a key enabler in supporting biomethane as a sustainable development initiative; however, public opinion remains neutral regarding the construction of such plants in close proximity to residential areas. The perceived benefits include improved waste management and enhanced energy and material autonomy. Respondents reported a willingness to pay an 11.2 % premium for biomethane, while expecting an 18.7 % reduction in waste taxation. The resulting benefits could be reinvested in public infrastructure or directed towards supporting economically vulnerable families. To advance this agenda, integrated policies are essential to foster both technological innovation and social inclusion. Biomethane thus emerges as a strategic solution aligned with Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 12.