Unlocking marine potential: Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae

Seaweeds are a rich and sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and flavonoids, with growing applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Efficient and eco-friendly extraction of these compounds remains a key challenge due to the structural complexity of seaweed matrices. This review examines the potential of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) as an effective green extraction method for isolating bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae. Key factors influencing MAE performance such as microwave power, extraction time, temperature, solvent selection, and sample characteristics are critically analyzed with emphasis on their effect on extraction yield and compound integrity. Comparative discussions highlight the advantages of MAE over conventional and emerging extraction methods in terms of efficiency, energy use, and compatibility with green solvents. The review also evaluates techno-economic and environmental considerations, and explores hybrid strategies such as ultrasonic-microwave extraction. Overall, MAE offers a promising route toward sustainable industrial extraction processes, though further studies are needed on large-scale reactor design, compound selectivity, and solvent optimization to fully realize its potential.