A systemic, structural perspective on energy poverty through Iris M. Young’s “Five faces of oppression"

Energy poverty, initially explored in the 1970s in the UK in response to rising energy prices and the struggles of low-income households, is often analysed through distributive and techno-economic perspectives. This article adopts an intersectional and structural approach, applying Iris Marion Young’s framework of the “five faces of oppression” ‒ exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence ‒ to provide a deeper understanding of energy poverty. Thereby, the article reveals how energy poverty is deeply rooted in systemic inequalities and cannot be fully addressed through technical or economic solutions alone. It begins with a historical overview of energy poverty and definitions of structural injustice and intersectionality, then uses Young’s framework to illustrate how each form of oppression contributes to, embodies, and perpetuates energy poverty. This analysis highlights the limitations of traditional redistributive and technical measures, advocating for a more comprehensive approach that addresses the systemic and intersectional roots of energy poverty.