Lactoferrins in their interactions with molecular targets: a structure-based overview

Lactoferrins and lactoferrin-derived peptides display numerous functions linked to innate immunity in mammalians, spanning from antimicrobial to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions, and even demonstrate antitumor properties. To date, the proposed mechanisms for their biological actions are varied, although the molecular basis that governs lactoferrin interactions with molecular targets has been clarified only in a limited number of specific cases. However, key in silico methods have recently moved the topic to the fore, thus greatly expanding the possibilities of large-scale investigations on macromolecular interactions involving lactoferrins and their molecular targets. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the structural determinants that drive lactoferrin recognition of molecular targets, with primary focus on the mechanisms of activity against bacteria and viruses. The understanding of the structural details of lactoferrins’ interaction with their molecular partners is in fact a crucial goal for the development of novel pharmaceutical products.