Transforming the built environment through computational techniques: an overview of parametric, generative, and algorithmic design

Computational techniques in the architectural and engineering fields have become widespread in recent years, revolutionizing the whole discipline. The use of these tools has great potential to enable more conscious, controlled, and sustainable design processes, which is why they have become one of the most current and innovative topics in the field. Specifically, algorithmic and parametric modeling allows designers to explore a large number of alternatives and assist in identifying the optimal solution based on specific selected inputs. This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art on computational techniques in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) field. As such, this study offers a clear distinction between the various existing terms, an overview of the available digital tools, and an analysis of significant case studies that have employed these techniques, with a particular focus on parametric design, generative design, and algorithmic design. To achieve this objective, a review of numerous studies published between 2018 and 2025 was conducted, synthesizing the progress made so far and suggesting key directions for future development, thereby contributing to the growing adoption of these tools in the architectural domain.