The ancient toponym of the Messapian site named Li Castelli has not survived; therefore, it cannot count on the attention of classical sources, unlike its more renowned neighbor, Manduria. Indeed, with the exception of the erroneous attribution to a "Varia" mentioned by Pliny the Elder, the area, or rather the casale (hamlet/farmstead), within which the ancient city lies, is associated with the toponym Fellinum, which is actually recorded in undoubtedly reliable medieval archival documents between the 11th and 14th centuries. The toponym "Li Castelli" will prevail, common also to other places of relative elevation in the same Salento plain, and which we find attributed to a homonymous masseria (farmstead) (abandoned for more than a century), of which we have the first record in a property transfer deed from 1672 (ASC). But the absence of an ancient toponym (common to many important ancient centers) does not at all limit the archaeological potential of this unique site. This is primarily because, although neglected and plundered by illegal excavators, it was not subject to continuous occupation (which often obliterates earlier remains). It was chosen from the Archaic period through the entire Hellenistic age, also for its dominant orographic position (112 m a.s.l.) with a very favorable "intervisibility" (lines of sight) (SEMERARO G. 2009; 2020; 2023) towards much of the inland centers and towards the coastline (with its spring-fed water basins, wetlands, salt pans, and woodland and macchia scrubland heritage). According to current theories, it would be part of a rather recurrent settlement paradigm along the Ionian arc of Salento which, already from the Archaic period, sees the development of large fortified centers in the hinterland alongside the emergence of smaller coastal or para-coastal centers, established as satellite outposts for territorial and coastal control (CERA G. 2020 and 2024). Relational networks, interconnected garrison structures on a cantonal (D’ANDRIA 1991) and regional basis, city and countryside: all well-founded and convincing interpretative constructions that, for the present research, I have considered as a stimulating prerequisite. However, this research had to primarily focus on equipping current (and future) research with everything the site lacks for a correct interpretation and for the relatability and interoperability of territory and data. This involved using the most modern methodologies and tools, 24 years after the archaeological map of the (urbanized) center of Manduria was created for a degree thesis under the supervision of Prof. M. Guaitoli at UniSalento, and the thesis in Archaeological Aerial Photo-Interpretation was completed under the guidance of Prof. G. Ceraudo at the "D. Adamesteanu" Specialization School in 2005. The present research is a continuation of a line of study I have pursued for years. This constitutes a first, comprehensive piece of work, belonging to a wider, also post-doctoral, research program ("MLC Survey Project") that will also involve systematic field-walking surveys of the entire study area and targeted excavation campaigns. A comparative analysis of various series of historical aerial photographs, HD satellite imagery, and regional orthophotos from 1943 to 2024 was performed, applying photo-interpretation to study the anthropic settlement evolution of the considered territory, with a focus on the Li Castelli site. This allowed for the observation, in an evolutionary and/or involutionary key, of relatively recent anthropic macrophenomena (land reclamation, infrastructural works, primary and secondary road networks, the impact of illegal construction, especially coastal, and bathymetric regressions), and relevant ecofacts such as the identification of a dense network of paleo-riverbeds. These paleo-riverbeds, running from N to SE, affect Manduria and the south-central area in question, down to the sea, and partly rewrite the hypotheses on the settlement dynamics of both sites through the interpretation of this paleo-hydrographic layout. An initial and unprecedented reconstruction of centurial grids, not otherwise documented, was carried out, with contextual field checks and cross-references with historical cartography. This was put in relation with the apparently desultory known and available documentation concerning the Romanization of the territory, especially from the Republican and early Imperial ages (CHIOCCI P.F., POMPILIO F. 1997; DE MITRI C. 2010). A dense remote sensing program was autonomously conducted using a drone (equipped with an RTK simultaneous correction system). This covered an overall area of 95 ha, including the Li Castelli hill and Monte dei Diavoli, at a constant height of 65 meters, and a more detailed program over 7 specific areas at a height of 25 meters, both in Terrain Follow mode, with a GSD of 2.65 and 1.00 cm/pixel, respectively. The generation of georeferenced raster files (with converted orthometric heights) allowed for the extraction of very detailed contour lines, at both 0.20 cm and 0.50 cm intervals, depending on the diagnostic density of the emerging geomorphological models. This constituted an unprecedented cartography aimed at archaeological interpretation, far more in-depth and detailed than the available Regional Technical Map (CTR), which does not offer such detail. Among the useful elaborations possible from this targeted photogrammetric base, it was possible to create DTM models, including in 3D, with altimetric gradation characterized by altimetric color schemes and optimized visualization through the "hillshade" procedure. This enabled a range of observations, both geomorphological and of ground anomalies not otherwise discernible. This material, together with aerial photo-interpretation and field checks, allowed for an initial systematic intra-site analysis. The aim was to identify internal functional articulations, road infrastructures, and salient nodes in particularly significant sections of the enclosure wall. Furthermore, it was thus possible to position previous excavation trenches from their cadastral support onto a real topographical base. In the area of the western quarry, drone-based perspective photogrammetric surveys were carried out, targeted on faces rich in extraction traces. This was to initiate a first systematic archeometric study between the supply basin and the actual use of stone material for the masonry works on Li Castelli hill, and to try to understand quarrying dynamics and phases (CALIA A., GIANNOTTA M.T., QUARTA G., ALESSIO 2002; PREVIATO C. 2016; RUBIS D., SCIUTO S. 2019; SCARDOZZI 2023). A QGIS platform was created, serving as an archaeological map, into which known information and remotely sensed data were integrated.
Del sito messapico denominato Li Castelli non è sopravvissuto l’antico toponimo né, dunque, esso può contare sull’attenzione delle fonti classiche, come per la più rinomata vicina Manduria. Se infatti si eccettua l’erronea attribuzione ad una “Varia” citata da Plinio il Vecchio, l’area, o meglio il casale, entro cui ricade la città antica è associata ad un toponimo Fellinum, effettivamente registrato in documenti archivistici medievali, tra XI e XIV secolo, senza dubbio affidabili. Prevarrà il toponimo “Li Castelli”, comune anche ad altri luoghi d’altura relativa nello stesso tavoliere salentino, e che troviamo attribuito ad una omonima masseria (da più di un secolo abbandonata), di cui abbiamo una prima notizia in un atto di cessione proprietaria del 1672 (ASC). Ma l’assenza di un toponimo antico (comune a tanti importanti centri antichi) non limita affatto il potenziale archeologico di questo singolare sito, prima di ogni o cosa perché sì negletto e depauperato dai clandestini ma non a continuità di vita, già in età arcaica fino a tutta l’età ellenistica prescelto anche per la sua dominate orografica (112 m s.l.m.) con una favorevolissima posizione “intervisiva” (lines of sight) (SEMERARO G. 2009; 2020; 2023), verso gran parte dei centri dell’entroterra e nei confronti della linea di costa (con i suoi bacini idrografici sorgentizi, le aree umide, saline e patrimonio boschivo e macchioso). Secondo le teorie correnti farebbe parte di un paradigma insediativo piuttosto ricorrente lungo l’arco ionico del Salento che, già a del periodo arcaico, vede lo sviluppo di grossi centri fortificati nell’entroterra affiancarsi il sorgere di centri più piccoli costieri o paracostieri sorti come a presidio satellitare per il controllo del territorio e del litorale (CERA G. 2020 e 2024). Reti relazionali, assetti presidiali interconnessi su base cantonale (D’ANDRIA 1991) e regionale, città e campagna. Tutte costruzioni interpretative ben fondate e convincenti che per la presente ricerca ho considerato quale presupposto stimolante. Ma la ricerca s’è dovuta occupare prevalentemente di attrezzare la ricerca (e quelle future) con tutto ciò che del sito manca per una corretta lettura e relazionabilità e interoperabilità di territorio e dati, utilizzando le più moderne metodologie e strumentazioni, a 24 anni dalla carta archeologica del centro (urbanizzato) di Manduria realizzata in sede di tesi di laurea con la guida del Prof. M. Guaitoli presso l’UniSalento e la tesi in Aerofotinterpretazione Archeologica conseguita con la guida del prof. G. Ceraudo presso la Scuola di Specializzazione “D. Adamesteanu” nel 2005. Lavori di cui la presente ricerca costituisce la prosecuzione di un filone di studi che opero da anni. Si tratta di un primo, complessivo lavoro facente parte di un più ampio programma di ricerca (“MLC Survey Project”) anche post-dottorale che prevede anche ricognizioni a tappeto dell’intera area oggetto di studio e campagne di scavo mirate. Eseguita un’analisi comparata di svariate serie aerofotografiche storiche, satellitari in HD e ortofoto regionali dal 1943 al 2024, per fotointerpretazione applicata allo studio dell’evoluzione insediativa antropica del territorio considerato, con focus sul sito de Li Castelli. Si sono potuti così osservare in chiave evolutiva e/o involutiva macorfenomeni di natura antropica relativamente recenti (bonifiche, opere infrastrutturali, viabilità primaria e secondaria, impatto abusi edilizio soprattutto costiero, regressioni batimetriche), ed ecofatti rilevanti come l’individuazione di una fitta rete di paleoalvei che da N a SE interessano Manduria, il comprensorio centromeridionale in questione, fino al mare e che in parte riscrivono le ipotesi sulle dinamiche insediative di entrambi i siti attraverso la lettura di questo assetto paleoidrografico. Operata una prima e inedita ricostruzione di maglie centuriali non altrimenti documentate, con contestuali verifiche su campo e riscontri su cartografia storica e messa in relazione con la apparentemente desultoria documentazione nota e disponibile riguardante la romanizzazione del territorio, soprattutto di età repubblicana e primo-imperiale (CHIOCCI P.F. , POMPILIO F. 1997; DE MITRI C. 2010). Realizzato in autonomia un fitto programma di telerilevamento a mezzo drone (dotato di sistema di correzione simultanea RTK), sia su di un areale complessivo di 95 ha comprendente la collina Li Castelli+Monte dei Diavoli ad altezza costante di 65 metri e un programma più dettagliato su 7 aree specifiche ad un’altezza di 25 metri, entrambi nella modalità Terrain Follow, con un GSD, rispettivamente pari, 2,65 e 1,00 cm/pixel. La generazione di file raster georiferiti (muniti di quote ortometriche convertite) ha consentito di estrarre curve di livello molto dettagliate sia a 0,20 cm sia a 0,50 cm a seconda della densità diagnostica dei modelli geomorfologici emergenti, andando così a costituire una cartografia finalizzata agli scopi della lettura archeologica inedita, ben più approfondita e dettagliata della CTR disponibile che non va oltre. Tra le utili elaborazioni possibili a partire da questa base fotogrammetrica finalizzata è stato possibile realizzare modelli di DTM, anche in 3D, con gradazione altimetrica caratterizzata da cromie altimetriche e da ottimizzazione di visualizzazione tramite la procedura dell’ombreggiatura (“hillshade”). Ciò ha consentito una gamma di osservazioni sia geomorfologiche, sia di anomalie al suolo non diversamente ricavabili. Tale materiale, assieme alla aerofotointerpretazione e verifiche sul campo, hanno consentito di operare una prima sistematica analisi infrasito, allo scopo di individuare articolazioni funzionali interne, infrastrutture viarie e nodi salienti nei tratti di cerchia particolarmente significativi. Altresì, è stato così possibile posizionare saggi di scavo pregressi dal supporto catastale ad una base topografica reale. Nell’area della cava occidentale sono stati realizzati rilievi fotogrammetrici prospettici da drone, mirati su fronti ricchi di tracce di estrazione per avviare un primo studio archeometrico sistematico tra il bacino di approvvigionamento e l’effettivo utilizzo del materiale lapideo per le opere in muratura presenti sulla collina di Li Castelli e cercare di comprendere dinamiche e fasi di coltivazione (CALIA A., GIANNOTTA M.T., QUARTA G., ALESSIO 2002; PREVIATO C. 2016; RUBIS D., SCIUTO S. 2019; SCARDOZZI 2023). Creata una piattaforma in QGis ove è confluito il noto e i dati telerilevati, quale carta archeologica.
Il sito messapico di “Li Castelli” entro il comprensorio archeologico centro-meridionale di Manduria (TA), [F°203IIISE/F°213IVNE/F°213INO]. Carta archeologica in GIS. Analisi dei paesaggi paleoidrografici, storici e rurali e loro relazione con le antiche dinamiche insediative / Desantis, Valentino. - (2025 May 27).
Il sito messapico di “Li Castelli” entro il comprensorio archeologico centro-meridionale di Manduria (TA), [F°203IIISE/F°213IVNE/F°213INO]. Carta archeologica in GIS. Analisi dei paesaggi paleoidrografici, storici e rurali e loro relazione con le antiche dinamiche insediative
DESANTIS, VALENTINO
27/05/2025
Abstract
The ancient toponym of the Messapian site named Li Castelli has not survived; therefore, it cannot count on the attention of classical sources, unlike its more renowned neighbor, Manduria. Indeed, with the exception of the erroneous attribution to a "Varia" mentioned by Pliny the Elder, the area, or rather the casale (hamlet/farmstead), within which the ancient city lies, is associated with the toponym Fellinum, which is actually recorded in undoubtedly reliable medieval archival documents between the 11th and 14th centuries. The toponym "Li Castelli" will prevail, common also to other places of relative elevation in the same Salento plain, and which we find attributed to a homonymous masseria (farmstead) (abandoned for more than a century), of which we have the first record in a property transfer deed from 1672 (ASC). But the absence of an ancient toponym (common to many important ancient centers) does not at all limit the archaeological potential of this unique site. This is primarily because, although neglected and plundered by illegal excavators, it was not subject to continuous occupation (which often obliterates earlier remains). It was chosen from the Archaic period through the entire Hellenistic age, also for its dominant orographic position (112 m a.s.l.) with a very favorable "intervisibility" (lines of sight) (SEMERARO G. 2009; 2020; 2023) towards much of the inland centers and towards the coastline (with its spring-fed water basins, wetlands, salt pans, and woodland and macchia scrubland heritage). According to current theories, it would be part of a rather recurrent settlement paradigm along the Ionian arc of Salento which, already from the Archaic period, sees the development of large fortified centers in the hinterland alongside the emergence of smaller coastal or para-coastal centers, established as satellite outposts for territorial and coastal control (CERA G. 2020 and 2024). Relational networks, interconnected garrison structures on a cantonal (D’ANDRIA 1991) and regional basis, city and countryside: all well-founded and convincing interpretative constructions that, for the present research, I have considered as a stimulating prerequisite. However, this research had to primarily focus on equipping current (and future) research with everything the site lacks for a correct interpretation and for the relatability and interoperability of territory and data. This involved using the most modern methodologies and tools, 24 years after the archaeological map of the (urbanized) center of Manduria was created for a degree thesis under the supervision of Prof. M. Guaitoli at UniSalento, and the thesis in Archaeological Aerial Photo-Interpretation was completed under the guidance of Prof. G. Ceraudo at the "D. Adamesteanu" Specialization School in 2005. The present research is a continuation of a line of study I have pursued for years. This constitutes a first, comprehensive piece of work, belonging to a wider, also post-doctoral, research program ("MLC Survey Project") that will also involve systematic field-walking surveys of the entire study area and targeted excavation campaigns. A comparative analysis of various series of historical aerial photographs, HD satellite imagery, and regional orthophotos from 1943 to 2024 was performed, applying photo-interpretation to study the anthropic settlement evolution of the considered territory, with a focus on the Li Castelli site. This allowed for the observation, in an evolutionary and/or involutionary key, of relatively recent anthropic macrophenomena (land reclamation, infrastructural works, primary and secondary road networks, the impact of illegal construction, especially coastal, and bathymetric regressions), and relevant ecofacts such as the identification of a dense network of paleo-riverbeds. These paleo-riverbeds, running from N to SE, affect Manduria and the south-central area in question, down to the sea, and partly rewrite the hypotheses on the settlement dynamics of both sites through the interpretation of this paleo-hydrographic layout. An initial and unprecedented reconstruction of centurial grids, not otherwise documented, was carried out, with contextual field checks and cross-references with historical cartography. This was put in relation with the apparently desultory known and available documentation concerning the Romanization of the territory, especially from the Republican and early Imperial ages (CHIOCCI P.F., POMPILIO F. 1997; DE MITRI C. 2010). A dense remote sensing program was autonomously conducted using a drone (equipped with an RTK simultaneous correction system). This covered an overall area of 95 ha, including the Li Castelli hill and Monte dei Diavoli, at a constant height of 65 meters, and a more detailed program over 7 specific areas at a height of 25 meters, both in Terrain Follow mode, with a GSD of 2.65 and 1.00 cm/pixel, respectively. The generation of georeferenced raster files (with converted orthometric heights) allowed for the extraction of very detailed contour lines, at both 0.20 cm and 0.50 cm intervals, depending on the diagnostic density of the emerging geomorphological models. This constituted an unprecedented cartography aimed at archaeological interpretation, far more in-depth and detailed than the available Regional Technical Map (CTR), which does not offer such detail. Among the useful elaborations possible from this targeted photogrammetric base, it was possible to create DTM models, including in 3D, with altimetric gradation characterized by altimetric color schemes and optimized visualization through the "hillshade" procedure. This enabled a range of observations, both geomorphological and of ground anomalies not otherwise discernible. This material, together with aerial photo-interpretation and field checks, allowed for an initial systematic intra-site analysis. The aim was to identify internal functional articulations, road infrastructures, and salient nodes in particularly significant sections of the enclosure wall. Furthermore, it was thus possible to position previous excavation trenches from their cadastral support onto a real topographical base. In the area of the western quarry, drone-based perspective photogrammetric surveys were carried out, targeted on faces rich in extraction traces. This was to initiate a first systematic archeometric study between the supply basin and the actual use of stone material for the masonry works on Li Castelli hill, and to try to understand quarrying dynamics and phases (CALIA A., GIANNOTTA M.T., QUARTA G., ALESSIO 2002; PREVIATO C. 2016; RUBIS D., SCIUTO S. 2019; SCARDOZZI 2023). A QGIS platform was created, serving as an archaeological map, into which known information and remotely sensed data were integrated.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


