A comparative analysis of fluorescence properties in composite restorative materials: an in vitro and in vivo study

In the field of dentistry, achieving a natural look in dental restorations is crucial. This relies significantly on the ability of composite materials to mimic the optical characteristics of natural teeth, particularly their fluorescence. Fluorescence plays a vital role in giving teeth their lifelike appearance and varies widely among different materials, impacting their long-term performance in clinical settings. This study aims to assess and compare the fluorescence properties of four advanced composite restorative materials against natural dental enamel through both laboratory and clinical evaluations. The research involved an in vitro examination of 50 samples categorized into five groups, with one control group (natural dental enamel) and four experimental groups (G-Aenial, GC Essentia, Brilliant Flo, and Omnichroma). Fluorescence intensity was measured both visually and through photographic techniques immediately after application and again after 30 days. Furthermore, a randomized clinical trial was conducted with 40 participants to evaluate the in vivo fluorescence of these composites used in cervical restorations. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The analysis revealed significant differences in fluorescence levels across all groups (p < 0.05). Among the composites tested, Omnichroma exhibited the closest resemblance to natural enamel fluorescence at both baseline and after 30 days, with p-values of 0.01 for in vitro and 0.02 for in vivo assessments. Notably, all composite materials, except for the control group (natural enamel), showed a decrease in fluorescence over time, with G-Aenial and GC Essentia experiencing more pronounced reductions compared to Omnichroma (p = 0.03). Omnichroma was found to most effectively replicate the fluorescence of natural enamel, leading to better esthetic results. However, it is important to note that all composite materials demonstrated a decline in fluorescence over time, indicating a need for ongoing development to enhance their durability.