Assessment of irrigation dynamics comparing syringe needle irrigation with various other methods of irrigation using computational fluid dynamics: a systematic review

The irrigation dynamics between conventional needle irrigation and other irrigation techniques were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the current systematic review. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane) were searched until June 2022. Studies comparing conventional needle irrigation with various other techniques of irrigation were included. Two reviewers independently evaluated the retrieved articles. A total of 329 articles were obtained, from which 23 papers were included for full-text review. After exclusion of 18 studies, 5 articles were considered and included in the present systematic review. The risk of bias for in vitro studies was reported following modified JBI criteria and CRISS recommendations. The parameters assessed were shear stress, irrigant replenishment, velocity, turbulence, and apical pressures. It was observed that negative pressure irrigation technique was superior to positive pressure syringe nee-dle irrigation, although the latter provided higher apical pressures.