Enhancing LoRaWAN-based railway signalling systems for secondary lines. A probabilistic analysis of multi-hop localization

Building upon the foundations laid in our previous work [1], which introduced a LoRa-based wireless train network, this paper extends its scope to explore a LoRaWAN Network Architecture. We present a comprehensive mathematical model evaluating the probability of success for multi-hop localization packet transmissions encompassing the dynamic interactions between trains, catenary masts, and stations. The proposed system serves as a redundant solution in the event of GPS/GSM system failures, which are typically relied upon for localization in railway signaling systems of this nature. Additionally, the paper delves into a thorough analysis of the interference impact, assessing Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques. Our research extends beyond theoretical propositions to practical validation through real-world measurements conducted on the Bologna-Vignola railways, providing insights into system robustness under varying environment conditions, to ensure continuous operation in railway signaling. This research enhances understanding and offers practical insights for implementing reliable secondary line signalling systems, making a valuable contribution to the evolution of railway communication technologies, particularly in real-world applicability.