Advancements in hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and treatment: liquid biopsy and surgery as precision treatment

epatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, posing a substantial influence on worldwide health. HCG develops mainly in the setting of cirrhosis, related to a hepatitis B or C viral infection, alcohol-related liver disease, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH)[1]. With its rising incidence and often asymptomatic nature in the early stages, early detection and effective treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes. The diagnosis of HCC still occurs predominantly in advanced stages, posing challenges to treatment interventions, and the prevision is that there will be more than 1 million people to die of HCC by 2030 from the prediction of the World Health Organization (WHO)[2]. Additionally, the absence of reliable predictive and prognostic biomarkers hinders the customization of therapeutic approaches, creating a dilemma in determining the patients who would gain the greatest advantage from specific treatments. This emphasizes the need for thorough access to HCC molecular mechanisms to improve biomarker discovery for more efficient detection and treatment. The advent of molecular diagnostics in oncology implies a revolutionary phase in precision medicine.