Italian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: structural abnormalities

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) encompass a range of conditions caused by prenatal alcohol consumption, leading to physical, behavioral, and learning challenges. It is a significant cause of preventable mental disability, with a prevalence rate of 7.7 cases per 1,000 individuals in the Western world. FASD includes various categories such as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), and FAS. Mortality is primarily linked to external causes and individuals with FAS may have a projected lifespan of around 34 years. This review highlights the key features of FASD, including neurological impact, behavioral abnormalities, placental and congenital malformations, organic abnormalities, and hormonal and immune disruption. Additionally, potential therapeutic approaches for FASD are briefly discussed based on the different manifestations. Prevention remains the most effective strategy to reduce its incidence, although the general population’s understanding of this topic is currently insufficient. Timely diagnosis and intervention are crucial as they can significantly enhance outcomes through appropriate support and management strategies. Increasing awareness among citizens about the detrimental effects of alcohol use disorders on newborn health is of utmost importance.