Evolution of the electric distribution network towards the Smart Grid

The traditional model of the electrical system, structured into the three stages of generation, transmission, and distribution, represents a passive network with a unidirectional flow of energy from power plants to the end user. However, the objectives of climate neutrality, coupled with the increasing electrification of final energy consumption, are driving significant evolutions within this system, making its centrality increasingly evident in achieving socio-economic development goals in modern society. The traditional model of the electrical system, particularly regarding distribution networks (which until recently played a predominantly passive role, distributing power from transmission grid interconnection points to the final user), is being replaced by a model in which the growing penetration of distributed generation technologies transforms the role of distribution networks into an active one. This new role requires the adoption of increasingly efficient technologies for the intelligent management of energy flows, while continuing to ensure the standards of service quality and continuity. In this changing and increasingly complex context, it becomes clear that distribution networks play a central role in the ecological transition, as they are required to fulfill a dual role: on the one hand, to integrate distributed generation, and on the other, to meet the growing electrical load. Thanks to the widespread use of information technologies, the potential for flexible network operation is emerging. When combined with "demand response" technologies, distributed storage, and advanced sensor systems, these capabilities support the development of networks in a "Smart Grid" framework, ultimately enhancing the quality of the electrical service. The main objectives that summarize the definition of "Smart Grid" include a network capable of delivering energy according to the desired standards of quality and continuity, facilitating the active participation of end users in demand response mechanisms, integrating new generation and distributed storage systems, being resilient to both physical and cyber threats, and managing the entire system in an optimized and efficient manner. Achieving these challenging goals requires substantial investments, which will inevitably impact system costs. Furthermore, it is important to consider that investments in distribution networks within highly urbanized contexts, such as the city of Rome, whose distribution network is managed by Areti S.p.A., are particularly complex to implement. These investments require careful planning, preliminary design, authorization, and execution phases due to the necessary regulatory constraints. Considerations include the massive presence of underground cable lines (which are difficult to inspect), protected natural areas and archaeological sites, limited availability of space for technical facilities, difficulty of access, and the inevitable inconvenience caused to citizens due to excavation works. On the other hand, it should be emphasized that distribution networks in highly urbanized contexts are particularly affected by the increase in load due to the electrification of consumption and the widespread adoption of electric mobility. This thesis aims to present the studies conducted with the following objectives: • To investigate the main challenges facing electricity distribution system operators (DSOs); • To propose tools and models to support the planning and operation of electricity distribution system operators.