Ecosystem logic: from the localization model to the motivated-based one

The present work is aimed to highlight a scientific neglect both in the ecosystem creation motivation and their aims. These elements are, already, contributing to developing an era that could be defined as “neo-mutualism” characterised by heterogeneous profit and no profit actors that, in the relationship between them and engaged by a social motivation, develop and stimulate an ecosystem aimed to answer social, environmental and economic needs. This effort aims to contribute to developing the scientific and practice fields on the relations between ecosystem, crowdsourcing processes and collaborative and collective intelligence phenomenon, supporting also the scientific growth of business for-profit model in social commitments and new governance forms. Therefore, in the past few decades, the literature in the ecosystem motivation building is prevalently focused on the structural elements and on the capacity of a territory to create a system of actors and infrastructures supporting the creation and development of innovative business projects (Alvedalen and Boschma, 2017; Spigel, 2017; Nicotra et al., 2018). In this regard, the most used example is Silicon Valley considered a place from which starting from the silicon raw material (structural element), was developed the modern ICT by means of the biggest players. The aim of the present work was born from the current consideration about the society that is facing many pressing and wide-ranging local and global health care, and environmental sustainability challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and air and water pollution, to name but a few (Steffen et al., 2018; Tittensor et al., 2014). These issues are highly complex, frequently not context-dependent and often are not clear its focus, with their genesis and persistence involving multiple overlapping social and economic agents and drivers of change that operate within nested social-ecological systems (Sterner et al., 2019; Chávez-Ávila and Monzón-Campos, 2005). At the same time, there is the need to fight social exclusion and support an independent life, especially for the weakest social groups (Avelino et al., 2019). Regarding the last point, the cut of the welfare expenses, especially in the previous decades in capitalist countries, is stimulating the heterogeneous agents' involvement to develop processes of social innovation that may help answer the existing and the new social needs COVID-19 pandemic has brought.