Thermal unrest at La Fossa (Vulcano Island, Italy): the 2021–2023 VIIRS 375 m MIROVA-processed dataset

Remotely sensed thermal data have been globally recognised as an effective and reliable tool to detect and quantify signs of volcanic unrest (Furtney et al. 2018; Reath et al. 2019; Coppola et al. 2020). Together with ground-truth data, satellite-retrieved information (i.e. thermal flux) enables scientists and researchers to monitor the evolution of volcanic activity (Ramsey and Harris 2013; Laiolo et al. 2019; Coppola et al. 2020). The aim of these investigations has long focused on volcanoes exhibiting surficial lava manifestations. Recent studies, however, revealed that thermal remote sensing can effectively track volcanic unrest at quiescent volcanoes showing background fumarolic activity and thermal features associated with hydrothermal systems (Reath et al. 2016; Furtney et al. 2018). Amongst these systems, Vulcano Island (Italy, lat. 38.40°N, lon. 14.96°E; Fig. 1(a)) has long intrigued the scientific community, supporting the construction of a comprehensive database of ground- and space-based thermal data.