Il ritorno delle ideologie e la nuova polarizzazione tra Est e Ovest

Although, for years, opinion leaders and scholars have spoken of an era characterized by the end of ideology, we have to say that ideologies have never truly ended. That there is no society capable of living and directing the efforts of its inhabitants without a coherent set of values, without a vision of the world that guides its actions and justifies - consciously or not - the defence of (partisan) interests. If, in the Twentieth Century, politics was based on the defence and representation of class interests and the various political parties seemed to be well aware of this, with the transformations of mature democracies on the one hand and with the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the defeat of the Soviet Union on the other, we have witnessed a phase that many have defined as the end of ideologies when in reality that what happened was the overwhelming victory of one over the other. The capitalist model and the neo-liberal ideology that supported it were able to enjoy such a hegemonic position that it was mistaken for the only possible world. However, the geopolitical balance that emerged from the end of the Cold War has been progressively shaken in the last 10 years. In the repositioning skirmishes that followed, and which primarily affected the national interests of the various countries involved, Western hegemony began to creak and be challenged first by Islamic fundamentalism and then by Russia. In this context, we are witnessing the resurgence of antithetical ideologies, often nationalist, which appear functional to bring people together in the face of external threats in the event of conflict and to support the efforts and sacrifices required "against the enemy" by an increasingly centralizing and authoritarian leadership, as in the case of the Russian Federation.