The role of the autonomic nervous system in epilepsy and migraine: a narrative review

Autonomic symptoms may be local and general clinical manifestations of both epilepsy and migraine caused by the dysfunction of brain areas best known as the central autonomic network. Despite their prevalence, autonomic signs are often misdiagnosed and their treatment is undervalued. This review aims to describe the autonomic manifestations reported during seizures and migraineur attacks according to their presentation, focusing on the role of the central autonomic network (CAN) and on the parasympathetic outflow that often-induced cranial autonomic symptoms (CAS) during migraineur attacks. Further, our purpose is to analyze the pathophysiological meanings and whether their presence influences the prognosis and therapy of these disorders.