Highly-integrated programs for the prevention of obesity and overweight in children and adolescents: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background. Since overweight and obesity has become epidemic in children and adolescents, the aim of this study was to determine the role of highly-integrated programs in preventing and reducing prevalence of children and adolescent obesity and overweight, even evaluating if this approach has properly been effective in communities with different determinants as in the Pacific Area. Methods. According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of literature was conducted and a meta-analysis was performed to compare obese/overweight prevalence between the intervention and the control group. Results. We identified 23 studies describing 14 programs. For 11 out of 14 programs, obese/overweight prevalence changing from baseline were definable and meta-analysis of them showed a significant change of obese/overweight prevalence (-0.03; 95% CI = -0.04 to -0.01; P < 0.0001). Secondary outcomes as dietary (such as vegetable intake, carbonated beverages, fruit juice, drinks, healthful food consumption), physical activity and TV-time-spent was analyzed in many of the studies to define community readiness and behavioral changes. Macro-interventions, based on what was observed in our systematic review have a high potential to reach the entire population. Conclusion. Adoption of coordinated cross-sectoral, multi-component and multi-stakeholder initiatives to oppose obesity remains a challenge, but it is also desirable as one of the possible solutions to this major public health issue.