Prevalence, clustering, and current management of cardiovascular risk factors upon first referral to hypertension specialists: the APPROACH study

Introduction Several observational studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive patients; however, none has yet investigated prevalence, clustering, and current management of cardiovascular risk factors upon first referral to hypertension specialists, which is the aim of the present study.Methods Consecutive adult outpatients with essential/secondary hypertension were included at the time of their first referral to hypertension specialists at 13 Italian centers in the period April 2022-2023 if they had at least one additional major cardiovascular risk factor among LDL-hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, and cigarette smoking. Prevalence, degree of control, and current management strategies of cardiovascular risk factors were assessed.Results A total of 255 individuals were included, 40.2% women and 98.4% Caucasian. Mean age was 60.3 +/- 13.3 years and mean blood pressure [BP] was 140.3 +/- 17.9/84.8 +/- 12.3 mmHg). Most participants were smokers (55.3%), had a sedentary lifestyle (75.7%), suffered from overweight/obesity (51%) or high LDL-cholesterol (41.6%), had never adopted strategies to lose weight (55.7%), and were not on a low-salt diet (57.4%). Only a minority of patients reported receiving specialist counseling, and 27.9% had never received recommendations to correct unhealthy lifestyle habits. Nearly 90% of individuals with an estimated high/very high cardiovascular risk profile did not achieve recommended LDL-cholesterol targets.Conclusions In patients with hypertension, both pharmacological and lifestyle therapeutic advice are yet to improve before referral to hypertension specialists. This should be considered in the primary care setting in order to optimize cardiovascular risk management strategies.