A high-resolution Middle to Late Permian paleotemperature curve reconstructed using oxygen isotopes of well-preserved brachiopod shells

Climatic warming has been widely cited as a driver for many mass extinction events in Earth history, including the middle-late Permian Guadalupian-Lopingian boundary (GLB) mass extinction and end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) investigated in this study. However, the role of warming in driving the EPME event is under debate because current paleotemperature studies indicate the rapid increase in sea-surface temperature postdate the onset of the EPME event, and a reliable paleotemperature record across the GLB event is lacking. Here, we present a high-resolution and successive δ18O record using low-Mg calcite shells of brachiopods (bLMCs) from a single stratigraphic section in central China to reconstruct paleotemperature changes from the middle to the latest Permian. After a rigorous screening for diagenesis, our data show a ∼1.0decrease in δ18Ocalcite(and thus climatic warming) during the middle Capitanian, followed by a gradual ∼2.0increase (climatic cooling) during the late Wuchiapingian. From the latest Wuchiapingian to the early Changhsingian, δ18O decreased gradually and reached the lowest values of -4.0(and thus rapid climatic warming) immediately before the Permian-Triassic boundary. The two warming events are coeval with the onset of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province and the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province, respectively, suggesting the two volcanic events are the plausible drivers of these climatic warming events. A close comparison of paleontological and geochemical records indicates that the warming events occurred predate the GLB and EPME events, this is in contrast with conodont δ18Oapatitedata which document the rapid climatic warming lagged the onset of the extinction event. The comparison between δ18O of bLMCs and δ18O of conodonts from the same section shows that the long-term trends are similar, but, at higher temporal resolution, discrepancies are present, entailing further investigation in the near future. Our study confirms that δ18O of the brachiopod shells underwent important changes during the end of Paleozoic, highlighting that sea surface temperature is a key factor to understand the biosphere history, since it changes simultaneously with the biological crises, and that bLMCs are invaluable archive for tracking physical and chemical conditions of past oceans.