The ALMA Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey: The molecular gas content of galaxies at z ~ 7

A key to understanding the formation of the first galaxies is to quantify the content of the molecular gas as the fuel for star formation activity through the epoch of reionization. In this paper, we use the 158 mu m [C II] fine-structure emission line as a tracer of the molecular gas in the interstellar medium (ISM) in a sample of z = 6.5-7.5 galaxies recently unveiled by the Reionization Era Bright Line Emission Survey, REBELS, with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We find substantial amounts of molecular gas (similar to 10(10.5) M-circle dot), comparable to those found in lower-redshift galaxies for similar stellar masses (similar to 10(10) M-circle dot). The REBELS galaxies appear to follow the standard scaling relations of the molecular gas-to-stellar mass ratio (mu(mol)) and the gas-depletion timescale (t(dep)) with distance to the star-forming main sequence expected from extrapolations of z similar to 1-4 observations. We find median values at z similar to 7 of mu(mol) = 2.6(-1.4)(4.1) and t(dep) = 0.5(-0.14)(+0.26) Gyr, indicating that the baryonic content of these galaxies is dominated by the gas phase and evolves little from z similar to 7 to 4. Our measurements of the cosmic density of molecular gas, log(rho(mol)/(M-circle dot Mpc(-3))) = 6.34(-0.31)(+0.34), indicate a steady increase by an order of magnitude from z similar to 7 to 4.