Renal Parenchymal Thickness in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Is Related to Intrarenal Hemodynamic Variables and Raynaud Renal Phenomenon

Objective. Renal involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) ranges from urinary abnormalities, reduction of glomerular filtration rate, and high renal resistive index, to scleroderma renal crisis. Intrarenal resistance indices are considered markers of renal SSc-associated vasculopathy. The aim of this study is to evaluate renal morphological variables, such as renal length, parenchymal thickness, atrophy index, and renal sinus in patients with SSc and to correlate it with renal function and hemodynamic variables.Methods. There were 92 patients with SSc and 40 healthy controls (HC) enrolled in this study. Doppler and renal ultrasound (US) including renal length, parenchymal thickness, atrophy index, renal sinus, and intrarenal resistive index were measured in patients with SSc and HC.Results. Renal US showed significant differences between HC and patients with SSc. The renal length (mm; 106.7 +/- 5.1 vs 102.3 +/- 8.4) and renal sinus (70.7 +/- 7.9 vs 65.3 +/- 7.7 mm) were significantly (p = 0.001) higher in HC than patients with SSc. The parenchymal thickness was significantly (p = 0.004) higher in HC than patients with SSc (18 +/- 3.1 vs 16.3 +/- 2.5 mm). Pulsatility index, resistive index, and systolic/diastolic ratio were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in HC than patients with SSc. The renal length was significantly (p = 0.004) higher in diffuse cutaneous SSc (105 +/- 8.4) than in limited cutaneous SSc (99.5 +/- 7.5).Conclusion. In SSc, kidney involvement is subclinical and is related to vascular injury, Raynaud phenomenon, and chronic hypoxia that can modify renal morphology. Serum creatinine is a poor marker of renal damage, and renal US could be a useful tool-together with Doppler-to evaluate renal involvement in a systemic and chronic disease such as SSc.