Perioperative risk factors associated with increased incidence of postoperative delirium. Systematic review, meta-analysis, and grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation system report of clinical literature

Systematic reviews to date have neglected to exclusively include studies using a validated diagnostic scale for postoperative delirium and monitoring patients for more than 24 h. Evidence on current risk factors is evolving with significantly heterogeneous study designs, inconsistent reporting of results, and a lack of adjustment for bias.