Gel des actifs des banques centrales étrangères pour des graves violations des droits de l'homme. Une pratique ultra vires ou ultra innovante?

This paper analyzes two cases concerning the freezening of assets of foreign central banks by United States : that of the Iran’s Marzaki Bank and that of the Da Afghanistan Bank. On the one hand, these cases show the difficult relationship between the right of the victims to obtain the reparation of the damages caused by gross violations of human rights and the respect of the right of foreign States to immunity from execution. In this context, the question arises whether such a practice, while incompatible with international norms concerning immunity from execution, can be justified as a countermeasure or form of reparation for an internationally wrongful act committed. On the other hand, these cases also show a tension with the respect of the rights of the Iranian and Afghan peoples who suffer the negative effects of the freezing. The American practice is therefore compared with the solutions adopted by France and Italy, again in the context of reparations to victims of gross violations of human rights, in order to show both possible alternatives and foreseeable future developments.

La prassi di alcuni Stati mette in evidenza la tendenza a congelare beni di banche centrali straniere anche per garantire la riparazione dei danni subiti da individui vittime di gravi violazioni dei diritti dell'uomo. Lo scritto si concentra sulla compatibilità di tale prassi con gli istituti dell'immunità statale dall'esecuzione e delle contromisure al fine di valutarla anche in una visione prospettica di sviluppo del diritto internazionale.