Accounting manipulations in public sector: an empirical analysis of European Union Countries accounts

This paper detects whether and to what extent accounting manipulations take place during the reconciliation process from government accounts (GA) to national accounts (NA) when preparing the EDP tables required by the European Commission to each country. In the literature, different theories explain the ‘why’ of accounting manipulations and different models exist to detect ‘how’ accounting manipulations occur. However, there are scant of investigations aim to measure the same phenomenon in the public sector. Investigating a period between 2002 and 2020, our findings show that accounting manipulations exist and have a wider diffusion across European countries. We feed the existing literature by highlighting the magnitude of accounting manipulations and to what extent existing differences between the GA and NA would automatically produce biased results. Finally, we design a new path towards selected fine tuning actions of GA and NA standards for the sake of a clearer European Union fiscal policy.