Integration of passenger road transport in a fully renewable electric power system dominated by variable generation

In this paper we study the integration of passenger road transport in a hypothetical scenario with a 100% renewable electric power system dominated by variable generation, where only photovoltaic plants, wind farms and storage are installed. Direct and indirect electrification, respectively by means of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and electrolysers whose hydrogen production supplies fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), are compared in terms of installed generation costs. A short-term demand response is also simulated for BEVs, allowing to shift forward and/or backward BEV charging profiles for a certain number of hours. Results show that, in an electric power system without dispatchable generation, the impact of FCEVs on the generation system costs is minimal, whereas direct electrification via BEVs is much more expensive even if short term demand response is considered.