Anxiety, Depression, Emotion Regulation, and Daytime Sleepiness: Are There Links Between These Factors? Network Analysis on an Italian Sample During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the occurrence of psychological disturbances, such as depressive and anxiety symptomatology, thereby significantly impacting individuals' lifestyles by disrupting sleep patterns. This study aimed to elucidate the interconnections between emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, and daytime sleepiness. Method: We recruited 632 community adults who underwent an online survey of self-report questionnaires, including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). A network analysis was performed to examine and visually represent the pattern of relationships between psychological distress, emotion regulation, and daytime sleepiness. Results: The DERS Strategy dimension showed high values across all centrality indices, indicating it as the most influential node in the network. In addition, the DASS Depression and DERS Goals dimensions exhibited high betweenness values, emerging as points of connection between the other nodes within the network structure. Conclusions: Our primary findings underscore the connection between psychological distress and emotion regulation, specifically between depressive symptoms, a lack of emotional clarity, and difficulty in the flexible use of emotional strategies. These specific constructs hold promising potential as valuable targets for both assessment and the development of effective interventions during highly challenging situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.