Smart Tunnel in Industry 5.0: Improving road tunnel resilience by dynamic risk analysis

After the accidents occurred in Mont Blanc, Tauern and St. Gotthard tunnels, safety started to be contemplated as a holistic approach. These events have become a critical issue for politicians and for public, pushing the European Commission to establish the Directive 2004/54/EC, which tackles road tunnels safety and aims to guarantee a minimum safety level to the tunnel users. Technological innovations have led to the tunnel concept evolution from civil works to technological infrastructure, where technology overcomes the geometric-functional limits, increasing its operating capacity. This paper aims to illustrate the fundamental principles of SCADRA (Supervisory Control Acquisition & Dynamic Risk Analysis) system, developed and implemented thanks to EURAM (EUropean Risk Analysis Method) methodology, which assessed the risk of over 600 Italian road tunnel tubes according to the Legislative Decree 264/06, focusing on Industry 5.0 perspective: users and managers' needs (Human-centricity), usage of new green technologies and application of an energy saving strategy (Sustainability), and improvement of tunnels resilience (Resilience). SCADRA was installed in 3 Italian road tunnels, executing over 130,000 instantaneous risk analyses and this report illustrates the main outcomes and an evaluation for a correct tunnel management during normal operation and emergency situations. SCADRA continuously monitors the tunnel state by gathering the influence variables for tunnel safety and performing a dynamic risk analysis, quantitative and probabilistic, at regular intervals or due to sudden change in the data. This paper presents the most significant results obtained and identifies possible future developments, in terms of tunnels’ safety improvement and conservation, and tunnels’ maintenance and management. SCADRA system is therefore a supplementary prevention and safety measure for tunnels management, both during normal operation and in emergency conditions, capable of guaranteeing a realtime monitoring of tunnel risk level.