Tuning the effect of chitosan on the electrochemical responsiveness of lignin nanoparticles

Chitosan and lignin mixed nanoparticles were prepared by layer-by- layer and nanoprecipitation methodologies as responsive platforms for sustainable biosensors. The novel nanoparticles showed effective chemophysical and electro- chemical properties dependent on the preparation methodology, molecular weight of chitosan, and type of lignin. HOMO−LUMO energy gap calculations suggested the presence of structure−activity relationships between the electrochemical responsive- ness and the order and orientation of lignin aromatic subunits and chitosan chains in the nanodevices.