Assessing the Environmental Performances of Nature-Based Solutions Implementation in Urban Environments through Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Combined Approach of Proximal and Remote Sensing for Monitoring and Evaluation

The implementation of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in urban environments is gaining momentum as a means to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. However, effective monitoring and evaluation are essential to assess the performance of NbS interventions and to guide decision-making. This research paper introduces a combined approach of proximal and remote sensing, based on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy, to monitor and evaluate NbS implementation in urban areas. The study focuses on the case of the UPPER (Urban Productive Parks for Sustainable Urban Regeneration) project and aims to establish urban Productive Parks as a novel NbS approach in the town of Latina (Italy). Field-based proximal sensing techniques (i.e., near-infrared spectroscopy, NIR) and satellite-based remote sensing data from the Sentinel-2 mission are employed. By integrating these techniques, the study enables comprehensive and multi-scale monitoring of vegetation health and assessment of vegetated areas. Various band ratio indices are calculated to assess vegetation coverage, water content, and urbanization. Temporal variations in these indices are analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of NbS interventions and their impact on the urban environment. The combined approach of proximal and remote sensing demonstrates the potential for comprehensive and multi-scale monitoring of NbS in urban environments. The research findings contribute to the existing knowledge on NbS monitoring and evaluation, providing valuable insights for sustainable urban development and evidence-based decision-making.