Architecture and urbanism have been used to express a new political power or social order in cities with the help of physical components and spatial orders, even in antiquity. Throughout history, we can trace projects commissioned by the power-holder in charge, as is evident in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. But what about democracies and other ideologies within democracies, such as neoliberal or populist approaches? Is architecture still at the service of the power, or is it used as a crowd-pleaser with populist approaches, or a combination of both? Imposing the desired scales, forms, programs, and representations and justifying the populist approaches through selected projects is not unusual in the 21st century. The relationship between architecture and politics, participation, and democratization of architecture are relatively new and ongoing debates. Just as in politics and architecture, constructing through competition is not a new concept introduced with democracies. One of the answers to the question “how architecture can become democratic” is, therefore, the competition method. Architecture and design contests provide a platform that brings the built environment and democracy closer. They have been known to provide innovative, practical, economical, or even symbolic solutions throughout history. Moreover, participatory methods are used to validate the democratic nature of the selection and implementation processes. Today, competitions are approached as tools to choose among many options to find the most innovative solution, to find a ‘potential’ design, to celebrate creativity, and collectivity, to provide an arena of recognition, to develop the discipline in a transparent and, thus, a democratic process. Chupin notes that competitions should be “the indicators of a genuine ‘opening of mentalities’ and not primarily as instruments of political orientation”. Nevertheless, in many cases, they act as instruments of political orientation. The problem of the thesis thus shapes around the reality of democratic approaches and competitions. But if competitions are such strong tools for democratic architecture, who gets to decide what is to be built? What are the roles of promoters, design brief, jury composition, program, and, most importantly, the public in the selection process? In Turkey, similar to many other countries, design competitions are integrated into the public procurement law (KİK Yönetmeliği N. 4734). Since urban areas, especially at the local government level, are inseparable from politics and, thus, ideologies, the competitions organized and promoted by the governmental bodies play a key role in linking the built environment with desired practices and spaces by those in power or as propaganda of their ideologies. In the case of Turkey, more particularly Istanbul, every decision made and every step taken is strongly linked with politics. Therefore, the thesis structures itself firstly with the theoretical and conceptual framework drawn from the concepts of the relationship between architecture and power, democracy, and participation, by aiming to investigate the architectural competitions’ role and use as a tool in the exercise of powers by different political orientations in the metropole of Istanbul. It then focuses on the historical evolution, background, and uses of competitions and their roles in political orientations, with selected examples to fortify the arguments. Following the explanation of the competition process, actors, and documents, it then takes 21 competitions as case studies for evaluation promoted by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. It structures the temporal framework from the 2000s to the present day (2021). The temporal and theoretical frameworks are aimed to be used to evaluate contemporary architectural applications in autocratic, democratic, and populist ideological approaches. It is not merely historical research but rather a critical reading regarding the contemporary issues linked with our built environment and everyday lives. Following the ideological discourse reflecting on architecture, the thesis then aims to investigate the current and possible future states of the structures in question with the debate on the democratization of architecture. As a result, with the belief that architecture and the built environment should be democratic and that we humans deserve to live in a democratic, transparent environment, the thesis aims to be a comprehensive resource and scientific basis for both the architectural and urban design competitions and debates regarding them for both as an evaluation criterion and as a demonstrative document on the relation between state, power, ideology, democracy, and architectural reproduction.

Fin dall'antichità l'architettura e l'urbanistica sono state utilizzate come strumento per esprimere, con l'aiuto di componenti fisiche e ordini spaziali, un nuovo potere politico o un nuovo ordine sociale nelle città. Nel corso della storia, possiamo rintracciare progetti commissionati da coloro che detengono il potere, come è evidente nei regimi autoritari e totalitari. Ma che dire delle democrazie e di eventuali ideologie presenti all'interno delle democrazie, come gli approcci neoliberali o populisti? L'architettura è al servizio del potere, oppure viene usata come strumento attrattivo per le folle con approcci populisti? Imporre le scale, le forme, i programmi e le rappresentazioni desiderate e giustificare gli approcci populisti attraverso progetti selezionati, non è insolito nel XXI secolo. Oggi i concorsi vengono anche utilizzati come strumenti per scegliere, tra diverse opzioni, la soluzione più innovativa, un progetto "potenziale" che celebri la creatività e la collettività, per fornire un'arena di riconoscimento, per sviluppare la disciplina in un processo trasparente e quindi democratico. Chupin osserva che i concorsi dovrebbero essere "gli indicatori di un'autentica 'apertura di mentalità' e non principalmente strumenti di orientamento politico". Tuttavia, in molti casi, essi agiscono come strumenti di orientamento politico. La problematica della tesi si configura, quindi, intorno alla realtà degli approcci democratici dei concorsi. I dibattiti sul rapporto tra architettura e politica, sulla partecipazione e sulla democratizzazione dell'architettura sono discussioni relativamente nuove e in corso. Proprio come la politica e l'architettura, costruire attraverso la competizione non è un concetto nuovo, introdotto con le democrazie. Una delle risposte alla domanda "come l'architettura può diventare democratica" è proprio il metodo del concorso. I concorsi di architettura e di progettazione costituiscono una piattaforma che avvicina l'ambiente costruito alla democrazia e spesso sono riconosciuti per aver fornito, nel corso della storia, soluzioni innovative, pratiche, economiche o addirittura simboliche. Inoltre, i metodi partecipativi sono utilizzati per convalidare la natura democratica dei processi di selezione e attuazione. Ma se i concorsi sono strumenti così forti per l'architettura democratica, chi decide cosa costruire? Quali sono i ruoli dei promotori, del brief di progettazione, della composizione della giuria, del programma e, soprattutto, del pubblico nel processo di selezione? In Turchia, come in molti altri paesi, i concorsi di progettazione sono integrati nella legge sugli appalti pubblici (KİK Yönetmeliği N. 4734). Poiché le aree urbane, soprattutto a livello di governo locale, sono inseparabili dalla politica e quindi dalle ideologie, i concorsi organizzati e promossi dagli enti governativi giocano un ruolo chiave nel collegare l'ambiente costruito con le pratiche e gli spazi desiderati da chi detiene il potere, al servizio o come propaganda delle proprie ideologie. Nel caso della Turchia, e più in particolare di Istanbul, ogni decisione presa e ogni passo compiuto in tal senso è fortemente legato alla politica. La tesi si struttura innanzitutto con il quadro teorico e concettuale ricavato dalla relazione tra architettura e potere, democrazia e partecipazione, con l'obiettivo di indagare il ruolo e l'uso dei concorsi di architettura come strumento dei poteri con diverso orientamento politico nella metropoli di Istanbul. La ricerca si concentra, quindi, sull'evoluzione storica, sul contesto e sull’uso dei concorsi e sul loro ruolo negli orientamenti politici, con esempi selezionati per rafforzare le argomentazioni. Dopo l’introduzione del processo concorsuale, degli attori e dei documenti, sono presi in considerazione, nel quadro temporale dagli anni 2000 a oggi (2021), 21 concorsi come casi di studio per le valutazioni delle azioni promosse dalla municipalità metropolitana di Istanbul. Il quadro temporale e teorico mira ad utilizzare come strumento di valutazione le realizzazioni architettoniche contemporanee negli approcci ideologici autocratici, democratici e populisti di oggi. Non si tratta di una semplice ricerca storica, piuttosto di una lettura critica delle questioni contemporanee legate al nostro ambiente costruito e alla vita quotidiana. Dopo aver seguito il filo ideologico che si riflette sull'architettura, la tesi si propone di indagare lo stato attuale e il possibile futuro delle strutture in questione all’interno del dibattito sulla democratizzazione dell'architettura. Di conseguenza, con la convinzione che l'architettura e l'ambiente costruito debbano essere democratici e che gli esseri umani meritino di vivere in un ambiente democratico e trasparente, la tesi si propone di essere una fonte e una piattaforma scientifica di supporto ai concorsi di architettura e di progettazione urbana e per i dibattiti che li riguardano, sia per definire i criteri di valutazione sia per costituirsi documento dimostrativo della relazione tra stato, potere, ideologia, democrazia e “riproduzione” architettonica.

Architecture, power, and ideological propaganda. Decisions and directions in XXI century competitions in Istanbul / Uzgoren, Gunce. - (2023 Jul 07).

Architecture, power, and ideological propaganda. Decisions and directions in XXI century competitions in Istanbul

UZGOREN, GUNCE
07/07/2023

Abstract

Architecture and urbanism have been used to express a new political power or social order in cities with the help of physical components and spatial orders, even in antiquity. Throughout history, we can trace projects commissioned by the power-holder in charge, as is evident in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. But what about democracies and other ideologies within democracies, such as neoliberal or populist approaches? Is architecture still at the service of the power, or is it used as a crowd-pleaser with populist approaches, or a combination of both? Imposing the desired scales, forms, programs, and representations and justifying the populist approaches through selected projects is not unusual in the 21st century. The relationship between architecture and politics, participation, and democratization of architecture are relatively new and ongoing debates. Just as in politics and architecture, constructing through competition is not a new concept introduced with democracies. One of the answers to the question “how architecture can become democratic” is, therefore, the competition method. Architecture and design contests provide a platform that brings the built environment and democracy closer. They have been known to provide innovative, practical, economical, or even symbolic solutions throughout history. Moreover, participatory methods are used to validate the democratic nature of the selection and implementation processes. Today, competitions are approached as tools to choose among many options to find the most innovative solution, to find a ‘potential’ design, to celebrate creativity, and collectivity, to provide an arena of recognition, to develop the discipline in a transparent and, thus, a democratic process. Chupin notes that competitions should be “the indicators of a genuine ‘opening of mentalities’ and not primarily as instruments of political orientation”. Nevertheless, in many cases, they act as instruments of political orientation. The problem of the thesis thus shapes around the reality of democratic approaches and competitions. But if competitions are such strong tools for democratic architecture, who gets to decide what is to be built? What are the roles of promoters, design brief, jury composition, program, and, most importantly, the public in the selection process? In Turkey, similar to many other countries, design competitions are integrated into the public procurement law (KİK Yönetmeliği N. 4734). Since urban areas, especially at the local government level, are inseparable from politics and, thus, ideologies, the competitions organized and promoted by the governmental bodies play a key role in linking the built environment with desired practices and spaces by those in power or as propaganda of their ideologies. In the case of Turkey, more particularly Istanbul, every decision made and every step taken is strongly linked with politics. Therefore, the thesis structures itself firstly with the theoretical and conceptual framework drawn from the concepts of the relationship between architecture and power, democracy, and participation, by aiming to investigate the architectural competitions’ role and use as a tool in the exercise of powers by different political orientations in the metropole of Istanbul. It then focuses on the historical evolution, background, and uses of competitions and their roles in political orientations, with selected examples to fortify the arguments. Following the explanation of the competition process, actors, and documents, it then takes 21 competitions as case studies for evaluation promoted by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. It structures the temporal framework from the 2000s to the present day (2021). The temporal and theoretical frameworks are aimed to be used to evaluate contemporary architectural applications in autocratic, democratic, and populist ideological approaches. It is not merely historical research but rather a critical reading regarding the contemporary issues linked with our built environment and everyday lives. Following the ideological discourse reflecting on architecture, the thesis then aims to investigate the current and possible future states of the structures in question with the debate on the democratization of architecture. As a result, with the belief that architecture and the built environment should be democratic and that we humans deserve to live in a democratic, transparent environment, the thesis aims to be a comprehensive resource and scientific basis for both the architectural and urban design competitions and debates regarding them for both as an evaluation criterion and as a demonstrative document on the relation between state, power, ideology, democracy, and architectural reproduction.
7-lug-2023
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1688847
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