Lithium treatment versus hospitalization in bipolar disorder and major depression patients

Background: Preventing hospitalization of major affective disorder patients is a fundamental clinical challenge for which lithium is expected to be helpful. Methods: We compared hospitalization rates and morbidity of 260 patients with DSM-5 bipolar or major depressive disorder in the 12 months before starting lithium versus 12 months of its use. We evaluated duration of untreated illness, previous treatments, substance abuse, suicidal status, lithium dose, and use of other medicines for association with new episodes of illness or of symptomatic worsening as well as hospitalization, using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Within 12 months before lithium, 40.4 % of patients were hospitalized versus 11.2 % during lithium treatment; other measures of morbidity also improved. Benefits were similar with bipolar and major depressive disorders. Independently associated with hospitalization during lithium treatment were: receiving an antipsychotic with lithium, suicide attempt during lithium treatment, lifetime substance abuse, and psychiatric hospitalization in the year before starting lithium, but not diagnosis. Limitations: Participants and observation times were limited. The study was retrospective regarding clinical history, lacked strict control of treatments and was not blinded. Conclusions: This naturalistic study adds support to the effectiveness of lithium treatment in preventing hospitalization in patients with episodic major mood disorders.