A green approach based on micro-X-ray fluorescence for arsenic, micro- and macronutrients detection in pteris vittata

In this study, benchtop micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (mu XRF) was evaluated as a green and cost-effective multielemental analytical technique for P. vittata. Here, we compare the arsenic (As) content values obtained from the same samples by mu XRF and inductively coupled plasma-optical emissions spectrometry (ICP-OES). To obtain samples with different As concentrations, fronds at different growth time points were collected from P. vittata plants grown on two natural As-rich soils with either high or moderate As (750 and 58 mg/kg). Dried samples were evaluated using multielement-mu XRF analysis and processed by PCA. The same samples were then analysed for multielement concentrations by ICP-OES. We show that As concentrations detected by ICP-OES, ranging from 0 to 3300 mg/kg, were comparable to those obtained by mu XRF. Similar reliability was obtained for micro- and macronutrient concentrations. A positive correlation between As and potassium (K) contents and a negative correlation between As and iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) contents were found at both high and moderate As. In conclusion, we demonstrate that this methodological approach based on mu XRF analysis is suitable for monitoring the As and element contents in dried plant tissues without any chemical treatment of samples and that changes in most nutrient concentrations can be strictly related to the As content in plant tissue.