First Observations of CH 4 and Spatially Resolved Emission Layers at Jupiter Equator, as Seen by JIRAM/Juno

In this work, we present the detection of CH4 and urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0003 emissions in the equatorial atmosphere of Jupiter as two well-separated layers located, respectively, at tangent altitudes of about 200 and 500–600 km above the 1-bar level using the observations of the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM), on board Juno. This provides details of the vertical distribution of urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0004 retrieving its Volume Mixing Ratio (VMR), concentration, and temperature. The thermal profile obtained from urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0005 shows a peak of 600–800 K at about 550 km, with lower values than the ones reported in Seiff et al. (1998), https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE01766 above 500 km using VMR and temperature as free parameters and above 650 km when VMR is kept fixed with that model in the retrieval procedure. The observed deviations from the Galileo's profile could potentially point to significant variability in the exospheric temperature with time. We suggest that vertically propagating waves are the most likely explanation for the observed VMR and temperature variations in the JIRAM data. Other possible phenomena could explain the observed evidence, for example, dynamic activity driving chemical species from lower layers toward the upper atmosphere, like the advection-diffusion processes, or precipitation by soft electrons, although better modeling is required to test these hypothesis. The characterization of CH4 and urn:x-wiley:21699097:media:jgre22151:jgre22151-math-0006 species, simultaneously observed by JIRAM, offers the opportunity for better constraining atmospheric models of Jupiter at equatorial latitudes.