Materials of natural origin have been largely used in Cultural Heritage. Ancient civilizations had developed the knowledge of available materials in their surroundings, perfecting their processing and improving the effectiveness of their application. In South America, in particular in Mexico, different organic materials have been used: in particular, the mucilage of Opuntia ficus-indica (Prickly pear - Mexican nopal) is one of the most common and its properties have been exploited, since the pre-Columbian era, in order to modify and improve the characteristics of some buildings materials, as preparation of mortars and plasters. The nopal mucilage is extracted from its cladodes, corresponding to the leaves of the succulent, a material that is commonly considered a waste in the Italian crops, where this plant is used mostly for its fruits (86,000 tons / year). Annual pruning of these plants leads to the disposal of 130-150 quintals per hectare of potentially reusable biomass, which would favor a circular economy, with a substantial reduction in production costs. Starting from these assumptions, the research work arose from the desire to recover ancient Mexican technologies handed down exclusively by empirical means. This research is aimed to evaluate the introduction of these natural and non-toxic substances in conservation of Cultural Heritage, reducing the environmental impact and waste, in line with the principles of the circular economy. The study starts from the auspicious results gained by the nopal mucilage applied in different fields. It has been reported that nopal mucilage presents high water-retention capacity and has consolidating properties. This allowed to foresee its potential applications in the conservation of paintings, expecially for canvas priming and to prepare stucco. The first experimental study focused on the mucilage's consolidating properties for the treatment of priming layers on canvas based on calcium carbonate. The process carried out a comparison with other types of natural products, through pre and post artificial aging investigations. The comparative study of the experimental results was obtained from colorimetric measurements and peeling-tests, combined with the contact angle, SEM and stereomicroscope observations. This allowed a systematic and parametric comparison to be made between the mucilage and various natural consolidating products already in use in the conservation practice, such as sturgeon glue, rabbit-skin glue (gelatine) and funori. This comparison allowed to highlight the consolidating properties of the nopal, which led to innovating and useful results. Furthermore, the second phase of the research involved in identifying the optimal formulation in terms of performance and durability of the mucilage as an additive in the stucco used in conservation, by studying their compressive strength and improving durability and bioreceptivity. The results analysis led to the application of the mucilage as an additive in the stucco used to fill losses during the restoration of an early 1900s artefact. The aim of the research was to define a scientific methodology and a standardized methodological approach throughout the usage of a product that faces a new and innovative approach in its application, in order to reproduce and extend it to different and variable case studies.
Sin dall’antichità, le maestranze impegnate nella realizzazione di beni culturali hanno sviluppato la conoscenza dei materiali di origine naturale presenti sul territorio. Nel Centro Sud America, in particolare in Messico, sono stati usati differenti materiali organici: la mucillagine di Opuntia ficus-indica (Fico d’India - in lingua messicana Nopal) è stata uno dei più diffusi e le sue proprietà sono state sfruttate, fin dall’epoca precolombiana, per modificare e migliorare le caratteristiche di materiali utilizzati nella costruzione e nei rivestimenti murari. La mucillagine di Opuntia è estratta dai cladodi (foglie dell’arbusto), che in Italia sono comunemente considerati uno scarto della coltivazione della pianta, finalizzata alla vendita dei frutti (86.000 ton/anno). La potatura annuale delle piante porta allo smaltimento di 130-150 q/ha di biomassa potenzialmente riutilizzabile, che favorirebbe un’economia di tipo circolare e l'abbattimento dei costi di produzione. Il lavoro di ricerca è scaturito dalla volontà di recuperare antiche tecnologie messicane, tramandate empiricamente, e dall’interesse per l’uso nel settore del restauro di sostanze naturali, non tossiche, con minimo impatto ambientale. Il progetto parte dai risultati promettenti raggiunti dall’applicazione della mucillagine in diversi ambiti del settore, presentando un’elevata capacità di ritenzione idrica e proprietà consolidanti, che hanno fatto intravedere le sue potenzialità nella conservazione dei dipinti, in particolare negli interventi sulle preparazioni pittoriche su tela. La sperimentazione è stata basata sulla verifica delle caratteristiche consolidanti della mucillagine per il trattamento di strati preparatori a base di carbonato di calcio ed è stata svolta attuando un confronto sistematico e parametrico con altre tipologie di prodotti naturali già in uso, attraverso indagini e valutazioni pre e post invecchiamento artificiale. Le indagini, per i risultati positivi e interessanti ottenuti, hanno evidenziato le proprietà consolidanti del nopal.
Sostenibilità e restauro: analisi sperimentali sulla mucillagine di Opuntia ficus-indica per il consolidamento dei dipinti / D'Ottavio, Stefania; Persia, Franca; Mirabile Gattia, Daniele; Lavorini, Barbara; Coladonato, Maurizio; Cassese, Giovanna; Carnazza, Paola. - (2019), pp. 225-232. (Intervento presentato al convegno 17° Congresso Nazionale IGIIC, Lo Stato dell'Arte 17, Chiesa di Cristo Flagellato dell'Ex Ospedale San Rocco tenutosi a Matera, Italy).
Sostenibilità e restauro: analisi sperimentali sulla mucillagine di Opuntia ficus-indica per il consolidamento dei dipinti
Stefania D'OttavioPrimo
;
2019
Abstract
Materials of natural origin have been largely used in Cultural Heritage. Ancient civilizations had developed the knowledge of available materials in their surroundings, perfecting their processing and improving the effectiveness of their application. In South America, in particular in Mexico, different organic materials have been used: in particular, the mucilage of Opuntia ficus-indica (Prickly pear - Mexican nopal) is one of the most common and its properties have been exploited, since the pre-Columbian era, in order to modify and improve the characteristics of some buildings materials, as preparation of mortars and plasters. The nopal mucilage is extracted from its cladodes, corresponding to the leaves of the succulent, a material that is commonly considered a waste in the Italian crops, where this plant is used mostly for its fruits (86,000 tons / year). Annual pruning of these plants leads to the disposal of 130-150 quintals per hectare of potentially reusable biomass, which would favor a circular economy, with a substantial reduction in production costs. Starting from these assumptions, the research work arose from the desire to recover ancient Mexican technologies handed down exclusively by empirical means. This research is aimed to evaluate the introduction of these natural and non-toxic substances in conservation of Cultural Heritage, reducing the environmental impact and waste, in line with the principles of the circular economy. The study starts from the auspicious results gained by the nopal mucilage applied in different fields. It has been reported that nopal mucilage presents high water-retention capacity and has consolidating properties. This allowed to foresee its potential applications in the conservation of paintings, expecially for canvas priming and to prepare stucco. The first experimental study focused on the mucilage's consolidating properties for the treatment of priming layers on canvas based on calcium carbonate. The process carried out a comparison with other types of natural products, through pre and post artificial aging investigations. The comparative study of the experimental results was obtained from colorimetric measurements and peeling-tests, combined with the contact angle, SEM and stereomicroscope observations. This allowed a systematic and parametric comparison to be made between the mucilage and various natural consolidating products already in use in the conservation practice, such as sturgeon glue, rabbit-skin glue (gelatine) and funori. This comparison allowed to highlight the consolidating properties of the nopal, which led to innovating and useful results. Furthermore, the second phase of the research involved in identifying the optimal formulation in terms of performance and durability of the mucilage as an additive in the stucco used in conservation, by studying their compressive strength and improving durability and bioreceptivity. The results analysis led to the application of the mucilage as an additive in the stucco used to fill losses during the restoration of an early 1900s artefact. The aim of the research was to define a scientific methodology and a standardized methodological approach throughout the usage of a product that faces a new and innovative approach in its application, in order to reproduce and extend it to different and variable case studies.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.