Epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal motor phenomena in newborns

Objective: The aim of this study is to provide an extensive overview of the clinical features of neonatal paroxysmal motor phenomena, both self-limited, related to the immaturity of the central nervous system, and pathological (epileptic and non-epileptic), in order to help the diagnostic approach. Methods: We reviewed the scientific literature about epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal motor phenomena in newborns. Results: Paroxysmal motor phenomena in newborns represent a challenge for the clinicians due to the different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. A proper differential diagnosis is required. Conclusions: There are some clinical features that may help clinicians with the differentiation among physiological and pathological, epileptic, and non-epileptic events. However, further investigations are often needed to identify the cause. A continuous synchronized video–electroencephalogram (EEG)–recording, interpreted by an expert in neonatal neurology, remains the gold standard to prove the epileptic origin of a paroxysmal motor phenomenon.