Metals, pure or in alloy, have always played a fundamental role in human history. Indeed, the regular roduction in antiquity of objects in copper, iron, bronze and orichalcum is attested by the numerous archaeological findings. In particular, the orichalcum is a copper-zinc based alloy, similar to the modern brass, considered by the ancient populations an invention of the gods. The cementation was the ancient technique used for the production of the orichalcum, common both in the East and in the Mediterranean basin. Used since the first millennium BC in Asia Minor, the orichalcum was introduced as alloy for coinage in Anatolia in the second century BC and only later was adopted in the Italian peninsula. Here, Julius Caesar first produced coins in orichalcum, as an experimental emission. Octavianus Augustus, in the 23 BC, promulgated a monetary reform, introducing two denominations in orichalcum. Subsequently, with the monetary reform of Nero in 63-64 AD three other denominations in orichalcum were introduced. The PhD thesis presented below aims to characterise the orichalcum alloy and to evaluate its degradation, through an archaeometric study of ancient coins issued between the first century BC and the end of the first century AD. For this purpose, non-destructive, nano-invasive and destructive techniques were used. In particular, surface methodologies (XRF, FTIR-ATR, VIMP) allowed a first characterization of the orichalcum coins and the superficial investigation of the patinas. With microscopy techniques (SEM-EDS, FIBFESEM-EDS, HR-FESEM-EDS) it was possible to study the typical microstructures of the orichalcum alloy, the corrosive pattern of the patinas and their development within the samples. The quantitative analysis (through the EMPA) of non-corroded cores and patinas of the samples allowed the characterization of the ancient orichalcum and the description of the dezincification process. Therefore, using a multi-analytical approach it was possible to define the authenticity of the samples, to grouping the coins by emission and to review the previous theories used for dating samples in orichalcum. This PhD thesis wanted to contribute to the current knowledge on Roman coinage in orichalcum and to attempt investigating the mechanisms of corrosive processes affecting ancient alloys.
metalli, puri o in lega, hanno sempre giocato un ruolo fondamentale nella storia dell’uomo: la produzione regolare di oggetti in rame, ferro, bronzo e oricalco in antichità è infatti attestata dai numerosi ritrovamenti archeologici. In particolare, l’oricalco è una lega a base di rame e zinco, simile al moderno ottone, considerata dagli antichi un’invenzione degli dei. L’antica tecnica utilizzata per la produzione dell’oricalco era la cementazione, diffusa sia in Oriente che tra i popoli del bacino mediterraneo. Usato sin dal primo millennio a.C. in Asia Minore, l’oricalco fu introdotto come lega per la monetazione nel secondo secolo a.C. in Anatolia e solo successivamente nella penisola italica. Qui, Giulio Cesare per primo produsse monete in oricalco, come emissione sperimentale. Ottaviano Augusto, nel 23 a.C., promulgò una riforma monetaria in cui introdusse l’emissione di due nominali in oricalco. Successivamente, con la riforma monetaria di Nerone nel 63-64 d.C. furono introdotti altri tre nominali in oricalco. La tesi di dottorato di seguito presentata ha lo scopo di caratterizzare la lega di oricalco e valutarne il degrado, attraverso uno studio archeometrico di monete antiche emesse tra il primo secolo a.C. e la fine del primo secolo d.C. Allo scopo, sono state impiegate tecniche non distruttive, nano-invasive e distruttive. In particolare, metodologie superficiali (XRF, FTIR-ATR, VIMP) hanno permesso una prima caratterizzazione delle monete in oricalco e degli strati superficiali della patina. Con tecniche di microscopia (SEM-EDS, FIB-FESEM-EDS, HR-FESEM-EDS) è stato possibile studiare le microstrutture tipiche della lega oricalco, il pattern corrosivo delle patine e il loro sviluppo all’interno dei campioni. L’analisi quantitativa (attraverso l’EMPA) dei nuclei non corrosi e delle patine dei campioni ha consentito la caratterizzazione dell’oricalco e la descrizione del processo di dezincificazione. Attraverso l’approccio multianalitico è stato possibile identificare caratteri di autenticità dei campioni, differenziare le monete per emissione e riesaminare le precedenti teorie utilizzate per la datazione di campioni in oricalco. Per tanto, con questa tesi di dottorato si è voluto contribuire alle attuali conoscenze sulla coniazione romana in oricalco e si è tentato di approfondire i meccanismi dei processi corrosivi a carico delle leghe antiche.
Archaeometric study on orichalcum coins / DI FAZIO, Melania. - (2020 Feb 10).
Archaeometric study on orichalcum coins
DI FAZIO, MELANIA
10/02/2020
Abstract
Metals, pure or in alloy, have always played a fundamental role in human history. Indeed, the regular roduction in antiquity of objects in copper, iron, bronze and orichalcum is attested by the numerous archaeological findings. In particular, the orichalcum is a copper-zinc based alloy, similar to the modern brass, considered by the ancient populations an invention of the gods. The cementation was the ancient technique used for the production of the orichalcum, common both in the East and in the Mediterranean basin. Used since the first millennium BC in Asia Minor, the orichalcum was introduced as alloy for coinage in Anatolia in the second century BC and only later was adopted in the Italian peninsula. Here, Julius Caesar first produced coins in orichalcum, as an experimental emission. Octavianus Augustus, in the 23 BC, promulgated a monetary reform, introducing two denominations in orichalcum. Subsequently, with the monetary reform of Nero in 63-64 AD three other denominations in orichalcum were introduced. The PhD thesis presented below aims to characterise the orichalcum alloy and to evaluate its degradation, through an archaeometric study of ancient coins issued between the first century BC and the end of the first century AD. For this purpose, non-destructive, nano-invasive and destructive techniques were used. In particular, surface methodologies (XRF, FTIR-ATR, VIMP) allowed a first characterization of the orichalcum coins and the superficial investigation of the patinas. With microscopy techniques (SEM-EDS, FIBFESEM-EDS, HR-FESEM-EDS) it was possible to study the typical microstructures of the orichalcum alloy, the corrosive pattern of the patinas and their development within the samples. The quantitative analysis (through the EMPA) of non-corroded cores and patinas of the samples allowed the characterization of the ancient orichalcum and the description of the dezincification process. Therefore, using a multi-analytical approach it was possible to define the authenticity of the samples, to grouping the coins by emission and to review the previous theories used for dating samples in orichalcum. This PhD thesis wanted to contribute to the current knowledge on Roman coinage in orichalcum and to attempt investigating the mechanisms of corrosive processes affecting ancient alloys.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Note: PhD thesis, Melania Di Fazio
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