Multivariate Analysis of Energy Commodities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Mixed-Frequency Approach

This paper shows the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy markets. We estimate daily volatilities and correlations among energy commodities relying on a mixed-frequency approach that exploits information from the number of weekly deaths related to COVID-19 in the United States. The mixed-frequency approach takes advantage of the MIxing-Data Sampling (MIDAS) methods. We compare our results to those obtained by employing two well-known models that do not account for the COVID-19 low-frequency variable, namely the Dynamic EquiCorrelation (DECO) and corrected Dynamic Conditional Correlation (cDCC). Moreover, we consider four possible specifications of the volatility: GARCH, GJR, GARCH-MIDAS, and Double-Asymmetric GARCH-MIDAS. The empirical results show that our approach is statistically superior to other models and represents a valuable methodology that can be used for risk managers, investors, and policy makers to assess the effects of the pandemic on spillovers effects in energy markets.