Energy exchanges in hypersonic flows

We present a new framework to quantitatively describe energy exchange in high-speed turbulent flows, also including the hypersonic regime. Governing equations are introduced which control the transport of the mean-field kinetic energy (km ), the turbulence kinetic energy (kt ), the mean-field internal energy (em ), and the turbulence internal energy (et ). The common terms in the transport equations are found to represent energy exchanges and interactions among km , kt , em , and et . The routes of energy exchange are then highlighted and quantified in hypersonic boundary-layer flow, with special attention paid to effects of wall cooling.