Tsunami risk perception in central and southern Italy

The Tsunami Alert Centre of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (CAT-INGV) has been promoting, since 2018, the study of tsunami risk perception in Italy. Between 2018 and 2021 a semi-structured questionnaire on the perception of tsunami risk was administered to a sample of 5842 citizens residing in 450 Italian coastal municipalities, representative of more than 12 million people. The survey was conducted withthe computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) methodology, described inCerase et al. (2019), who published the results of the first pilot survey(about 1000 interviews). The large sample and the socio-demographicstratification give an excellent representation of the resident populationin the surveyed Italian coastal municipalities. Moreover, in 2021 anoptimized version of the questionnaire was also administered via Telepanel(a tool for collecting proportional and representative opinions of citizens) that was representative of the Italian population and included 1500 people distributed throughout the country. In this work we present the main results of the three survey phases, with acomparison among the eight surveyed regions and between the coastal regions and some coastal metropolitan cities involved in the investigations (Rome, Naples, Bari, Reggio Calabria, and Catania). Data analysis reveals heterogeneous and generally low tsunami riskperception. Some seaside populations, in fact, show a good perception of tsunami risk,while others, such as in Apulia and Molise, reveal a lower perception, mostlikely due to the long time elapsed since the last event and lack ofmemory. We do not find relevant differences related to the socio-demographiccharacteristics (age, gender) of the sample, whereas the education degreeappears to affect people's perception. The survey shows that therespondents' predominant source of information on tsunamis is the television and other media sources (such as newspapers, books, films, internet), while the official sources (e.g., civil protection, local authorities, universities and research institutes) do not contribute significantly. Also,we find an interesting difference in people's understanding of the wordstsunami and maremoto, the local term commonly used in Italy until the 2004Sumatra-Andaman event, which should be taken into account in scientific and riskcommunication. The Telepanel survey, based on a nationwide sample,highlights a lower level of tsunami risk perception in comparison to average risk perception levels found in the coastal-municipality sample. Our results are being used to drive our communication strategy aimed atreducing tsunami risk in Italy, to activate dissemination and educationalprograms (data driven), to fill the data gap on tsunami risk perception inthe North-Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and connected seas (NEAM) area, and to implement multilevel civil protection actions(national and local, top-down and bottom-up). Not least, outputs can address a better development of the UNESCO Tsunami Ready program in Italy.