Aluminium catalysed oligomerisation in cement-forming silicate systems

Alumino-silicates form the backbone of structural materials including cements and the concrete they form. However, the nanoscale aspects of the oligomerisation mechanisms elongating the (alumino- )silicate chains is not fully clarified; the role of aluminium in particular. Herein, we explore and contrast the growth of silicate and alumino-silicate oligomers by both neutral and anionic mechanisms, with focus on the influence of Al on oligomer structure and stability. Further, the spontaneity of chain lengthening in the absence and presence of Al of differing coordination (Al-IV, V, VI) was characterised. Result trends showed Al-IV facilitating oligomerisation in neutral conditions, with respect to Si only systems, effectively promoting longer chain formation and stabilisation. The anionic pathway similarly showed Al reducing the overall energetic barriers to oligomerisation. In both conditions, Al’s coordinative and structural flexibility, at O–Al–O hinge points in particular, was responsible for the lowering of the energetic expense for oligomerisation. The results and implications resolved herein are informative for chain formation and stability for bulk material properties of alumino-silicate materials such as cements, where the aluminosilicate systems are dominated by short chains of 2–5 units in length.