Consumption patterns of energy drinks in university students. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Energy Drinks (EDs) use is promoted to stimulate mental and/or physical activity, and over the years their popularity increased, especially among young people. However, the use of EDs is often improper and can induce some adverse effects for human health. The purpose of this systematic review and metaanalysis was to analyse the literature to characterize prevalence of ED consumption and motivations to use among undergraduate students. Furthermore, adverse effects and health-related behaviors associated to ED use were explored. This systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA Statement and the databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were used for data research. 71 articles published between 2007 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The estimated overall prevalence of ED consumption was 42.9% in undergraduate students (95% CI:42.5%-43.3%), with significant heterogeneity among studies (Q test: p<0.001; I2 =99.4%) . The main reasons for their use were engagement in study, projects or examinations, to stay awake or alert, physical activity/sport engagement. Sleep disturbance and increased heart rate or blood pressure were the most commonly reported adverse effects. ED consumption was frequently associated with alcohol use and smoking. These findings suggest that inappropriate use of EDs and related unhealthy behaviors should be early identified and addressed through effective educational interventions.