Numerical tripping of high-speed turbulent boundary layers

The influence of turbulence inflow generation on direct numerical simulations (DNS) of high-speed turbulent boundary layers at Mach numbers of 2 and 5.84 is investigated. Two main classes of inflow conditions are considered, based on the recycling/rescaling (RR) and the digital filtering (DF) approach, along with suitably modified versions. A series of DNS using very long streamwise domains is first carried out to provide reliable data for the subsequent investigation. A set of diagnostic parameters is then selected to verify achievement of an equilibrium state, and correlation laws for those quantities are obtained based on benchmark cases. Simulations using shorter domains, with extent comparable with that used in the current literature, are then carried out and compared with the benchmark data. Significant deviations from equilibrium conditions are found, to a different extent for the various flow properties, and depending on the inflow turbulence seeding. We find that the RR method yields superior performance in the evaluation of the inner-scaled wall pressure fluctuations and the turbulent shear stress. DF methods instead yield quicker adjustment and better accuracy in the prediction of wall friction and of the streamwise Reynolds stress in supersonic cases. Unrealistically high values of the wall pressure variance are obtained by the baseline DF method, while the proposed DF alternatives recover a closer agreement with respect to the benchmark. The hypersonic test case highlights that similar distribution of wall friction and heat transfer are obtained by both RR and DF baseline methods.