What Legal Options for Environmental and Climate-Displaced People under the Italian Protection System? Complementary protection on humanitarian grounds v. ad hoc regimes

The Italian legal system is remarkably significant in the framework of environmental and climate-related migrants, as it is distinguished by two different kinds of complementary protection (the ‘humanitarian/special protection’ and the ‘residence permit for calamity’), both potentially addressing displacement induced by environmental hazards. A brief analysis of the Italian system could serve as a practical example and could contribute to identifying the best suitable approach to environmental and climate-displacement, including at an international level.