Updating the Notion of Permanent Campaign. Donald Trump’s Presidential Communication

Donald Trump’s communication has never become «Presidential». From the Republican primaries to his third year of administration, he simply continued his permanent campaign- style of communication. However, while Blumenthal’s first elaboration of the concept centred around the role of political consultants, Trump’s first three years in office have been a repudiation of the consulting industry. This article argues that he partially redefined the original concept of a permanent campaign: he kept attacking political opponents and he consistently disdained the media. Moreover, unlike any president in US history, from day 1 in office, Trump started raising money for the next presidential election