To vaccinate or not. Literacy against hesitancy

Background: Vaccines currently represent the most efficient tool to prevent the spread of potentially life-threatening infectious diseases. However, in the Western world, the widespread nature of vaccinations has led to a reduction in the incidence of these diseases, with a consequent progressive decline in vaccination practice. This phenomenon is further fueled by the anti-vaccine movements which today find fertile ground thanks to the rapid dissemination of information through social media. The present review focuses on three different vaccination target groups, pregnant women, parents, and healthcare professionals, in order to analyze vaccine hesitancy factors and suggest strategies aimed at improving vaccination empowerment.